Abbreviated as PAGASA [pagˈasa], which means hope as in the Tagalog word pag-asa) is the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) agcy of the Philippines mandated to provide protection against natural calamities and to sure the safety, well-being and economic security of all the people, and for the promotion of national progress by undertaking scitific and technological services in meteorology, hydrology, climatology, astronomy and other geophysical scices. Created on December 8, 1972, by reorganizing the Weather Bureau,
Formal meteorological and astronomical services in the Philippines began in 1865 with the establishmt of the Observatorio Meteorológico de Manila (Manila Meteorological Observatory) in Padre Faura St., Manila wh Francisco Colina, a young Jesuit scholastic and professor at the Ateo Municipal de Manila started a systematic observation and recording of the weather two or three times a day. Jaime Nonell, another Jesuit scholastic, wrote a brief treatise on these observations, which was printed by the Diario de Manila. The treatise attracted the atttion of businessm in Manila and a request was made to the Jesuit director, Fr. Juan Vidal, SJ, for regular observations for the purpose of warning the public against approaching typhoons. The businessm financed the procuremt and acquisition of an instrumt called the universal meteorograph (an invtion of another Jesuit, Fr. Angelo Seechi, SJ of the Vatican Observatory in Rome) which would greatly aid in the day and night observations of the weather.
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In 1866, Federico Faura, SJ became the director of the observatory in recognition of his scitific abilities. During this time, the observatory was gaged in the systematic observation of Philippine weather. On July 7, 1879, after data comparison with another Jesuit cleric in the West Indies, the observatory issued a warning indicating that a tropical cyclone was crossing northern Luzon. The colonial governmt took every possible precaution based on the reliability of the warning and the slight losses from the typhoon finally and permantly cemted the reputation of the observatory. This was followed by a prediction in November of the same year that a tropical cyclone would pass by Manila. The observatory began conducting seismological and terrestrial magnetism observations in 1880. In 1885, the observatory started time service and a system of visual (semaphore) weather warnings for merchant shipping. In 1886, the Faura Aneroid barometer was released. In 1887, a section devoted to the study of terrestrial magnetism was set up and six years later, the first maps of terrestrial magnetism in the Philippines was published. In 1890, the seismological service was officially established, and in 1899, the astronomical section was oped.
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This reputation reached foreign shores and other observatories began requesting for the monthly Boletin del Observatorio de Manila. The growing demand for the services of the observatory led to the issuance of a Spanish royal decree on April 21, 1894, that recognized the observatory as an official institution under the Jesuit order, with full support from the Spanish Crown. This led to the establishmt of a network of secondary stations in various points of Luzon.
On December 10, 1898, Spain ceded the Philippine Islands to the United States. After a period of great political turbulce that climaxed in the outbreak of Philippine–American War in 1899, an Insular Governmt was established. On May 22, 1901, the Philippine Commission acted Act No. 131, reorganizing the Manila Observatory into the Weather Bureau under the Departmt of Interior. With the establishmt of the Departmt of Agriculture and Natural Resources (DANR) on January 1, 1917, the Weather Bureau was transferred from the Departmt of Interior to the DANR. With the establishmt of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the DANR was reorganized into the Departmt of Agriculture and Commerce.
For nearly 45 years, the Weather Bureau remained active and famous in international expositions and scitific expeditions, and continued to be well known for its accurate typhoon forecasts and scitific works in the field of meteorology, geomagnetism, and astronomy. The first weather map in the Far East (released in 1908 by Fr. Coronas) became an important tool in tropical cyclone forecasting thereon. The bureau's published works on meteorology, terrestrial magnetism, and astronomy were well known and had later prov to be of great value to the American forces in the liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese during the Second World War.
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On October 4, 1943, with the establishmt of the Second Philippine Republic as a puppet state of Japan during its occupation, the Weather Bureau was transferred to the Departmt of Public Works and Communications. The bureau was removed from the direction of the Jesuits and for the first time, the bureau had an all-Filipino staff headed by Mr. Maximo Lachica, head of the Departmt of Geodetic gineering of the University of the Philippines. The Japanese occupation period marked limited activity in the Ctral Office. However, in the field, bureau personnel were instrumtal in bringing accurate weather information over emy-occupied territory to the combined liberation forces of the American and Filipino soldiers. In February 1945, the Second World War brought the operations of the Weather Bureau to a halt wh its offices were destroyed during the Battle of Manila. Nothing but the burnt-out shell of its astronomical dome in Padre Faura St bore testimony to its once glorious past. All the instrumts, records, mass of scitific knowledge accumulated through the decades were lost. After the war, the Observatorio ceased to function as the Weather Bureau. The former would later resume indepdt operations in 1951 as the Manila Observatory.
The rebirth of the Weather Bureau began on July 24, 1945, wh it was reestablished by sev constitut personnel under the leadership of Edilberto Parulan as Officer-in-Charge. In 1946, pursuant to the Tydings War Damage Act (Philippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946), a US Weather Bureau mission was st to Manila by the United States governmt to undertake a survey of the needs of the Weather Bureau. As a result, the Bureau was able to acquire meteorological equipmt and technical assistance from the United States that paved the way for the establishmt of standard weather services patterned after similar meteorological institutions in more technically-advanced countries. Furthermore, the Weather Bureau was transferred to the Departmt of Commerce and Industry. The Bureau's functions were th carried out by five divisions (Synoptic, Climatological, Geophysical, Astronomical, and Administrative).
In 1947, the ctral office of the Weather Bureau was moved to Marsman Building (opposite Pier 15 at the Port Area of Manila), while the Forecasting Cter was transferred to the old Balagbag terminal (site of the first terminal of Manila International Airport) and became the Manila Main Meteorological Office (MMMO). The first post-war geophysical observatory of the bureau was established in 1949 behind the campus of the University of the Philippines in Diliman. In 1948, a set of electromagnetic photorecording seismographs was installed to improve its seismological services. On April 5, 1949, the Philippines was admitted into the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), with the Weather Bureau as its national meteorological service.
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In the same year, temperature, relative humility and pressure observations in the upper atmosphere were made twice daily by the Laoag, Cebu and Zamboanga field stations.
In 1950, a teletype service connected the MMMO to Clark Air Force Base, US Naval Station Sangley Point and the Bureau of Telecommunications (precursor to the currt National Telecommunications Commission. Moreover, exchange of weather reports with foreign countries, aircraft-in-flight and four aeronautical stations in the country – Laoag, Legazpi, Cebu & Zamboanga began at this year. Private radio systems and the th National Civil Defse Administration also helped to facilitate the reception of data and dissemination of the forecasts and warnings. In 1954, radio transmissions of time signals (which were done sev times daily) began in the geophysical observatory (which was now called Astronomical Observatory at this time).
Weather surveillance radar was first installed in the Philippines in 1963 atop the Ctral Office of the Weather Bureau (but this was destroyed beyond repair by a fire in 1978).In 1965, on its ctary, half of the weather stations across the country were already linked with each other by single side-band radio transceivers, forming an indepdt meteorological communication system. In 1968, the Philippines joined the Typhoon Committee formed by the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE, now Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific or ESCAP) and the WMO.
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The following year saw the transfer of the ctral office from the Marsman Building to 1424, Quezon Boulevard Extsion in Quezon City. The same year also ushered the 5-year WMO Training and Research Project, Manila. Composed of the Institute of Meteorology in the Weather Bureau and the Departmt of Meteorology in the University of the Philippines, the project aimed to meet the training needs of the country's meteorological personnel and to carry out research in various fields of meteorology. The institute provided technical in-service training in various levels while the Departmt offered a post-graduate course leading to a Master of Scice degree in meteorology. With the implemtation of the project, the acquisition of an IBM 1130 was realized and computerization in the bureau came of age. A telemetry system in the Marikina
In the same year, temperature, relative humility and pressure observations in the upper atmosphere were made twice daily by the Laoag, Cebu and Zamboanga field stations.
In 1950, a teletype service connected the MMMO to Clark Air Force Base, US Naval Station Sangley Point and the Bureau of Telecommunications (precursor to the currt National Telecommunications Commission. Moreover, exchange of weather reports with foreign countries, aircraft-in-flight and four aeronautical stations in the country – Laoag, Legazpi, Cebu & Zamboanga began at this year. Private radio systems and the th National Civil Defse Administration also helped to facilitate the reception of data and dissemination of the forecasts and warnings. In 1954, radio transmissions of time signals (which were done sev times daily) began in the geophysical observatory (which was now called Astronomical Observatory at this time).
Weather surveillance radar was first installed in the Philippines in 1963 atop the Ctral Office of the Weather Bureau (but this was destroyed beyond repair by a fire in 1978).In 1965, on its ctary, half of the weather stations across the country were already linked with each other by single side-band radio transceivers, forming an indepdt meteorological communication system. In 1968, the Philippines joined the Typhoon Committee formed by the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE, now Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific or ESCAP) and the WMO.
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The following year saw the transfer of the ctral office from the Marsman Building to 1424, Quezon Boulevard Extsion in Quezon City. The same year also ushered the 5-year WMO Training and Research Project, Manila. Composed of the Institute of Meteorology in the Weather Bureau and the Departmt of Meteorology in the University of the Philippines, the project aimed to meet the training needs of the country's meteorological personnel and to carry out research in various fields of meteorology. The institute provided technical in-service training in various levels while the Departmt offered a post-graduate course leading to a Master of Scice degree in meteorology. With the implemtation of the project, the acquisition of an IBM 1130 was realized and computerization in the bureau came of age. A telemetry system in the Marikina